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INDIANA 



JACOB PIATT DUNN 

Secretary of the Indiana 
Historical Society 




3 i 1 O il 



» ' » 



Copyright, 1903, by Frederick Converse Beach 



Two Copies R 

18 1904 

\i Copyright Entry 

n ■ $r - t°i o <J~ 

GLASS cc. XXc. No. 

' COPY 3 

i , 



;D1 



UNITED STATES SENATE, 
washington, d. c, 

January 9, 1903. 
Dr. Frederick C. Beach, 

Editor Scientific American. 

258 and 260 -Fi/M Ave., New York City. 

My Dear Sib :— I am advised of your plan with respect to 
the publication of the Encyclopaedia Americana, and that 
it is your intention to do entire justice to the United States. 
The progress and development of tfe United States in all 
avenues of human activity are such that there is great need 
of a publication which will bring into compact and compre- 
hensive form information which is daily needed by the 
statesman, lawyer, editor, business man and others. 
Very respectfully, 

Charles W. Fairbanks, 

U. S. Senatoi. 



INDIANA 

("The Hoosier State.") 

A NORTH Central State of the United 
States (No. 19 in order of admis- 
sion) bounded north by Michigan, 
south by Kentucky, east by Ohio, west 
by Illinois; extreme length 276 miles, 
extreme breadth 177 miles; area (No. 34 
in U. S.) 36,350 square miles (440 water); 
pop. 1900 (No. 8 in U. S.) 2,516,462, or 
70. 1 to the square mile. (No. 1 1 in 
density). The State boundary in Lake 
Michigan is an east and west line 10 
miles north of the extreme southern 
point of the lake. The Ohio River 
runs along the southern boundary, but, 
by a provision of the Virginia cession of 
northwest territory, Indiana extends only 
to low-water mark on the north bank of 
the Ohio. In consequence all islands in 
the Ohio belong to Kentucky, the Supreme 
Court having recently held this as to 
Green River Island (Indiana v. Kentucky, 
136 U. S.) which, although an island at 
the time of the cession, became connected 
with the Indiana shore by alluvial depos- 



INDIANA. 

its, and had been governed and taxed as 
part of Indiana for many years. 

The surface of the State is compara- 
tively level, the highest point, in Ran- 
dolph County, in the centre 

Topography, of the eastern tier of coun- 
ties, being estimated at 1,285 
feet above sea-level, and the lowest, at 
the southwest corner of the State be- 
ing 313 feet above sea-level. The Ohio 
at the southeast corner of the State 
is 436 feet above sea-level, and Lake 
Michigan at the northwest corner is 585 
feet above sea-level. From the table- 
land of the east central part of the State ; 
and western Ohio, radiate low water 
sheds, separating the drainage basins of 
Indiana. The northern part of the State 
is quite flat, the central part slightly roll- 
ing, and the southern part rather hilly on 
account of the valleys cut out by water. 
There are no mountains, and no large 
lakes, but there are hundreds of small 
lakes, chiefly in the northern part of the 
State. 

The southern parts of the State are 
drained to the Ohio River by the White- 



INDIANA. 

water and smaller tributaries. The cen- 
tral part of the State — about four fifths 
of- its area — is drained by 
River Systems, the Wabash and its tributa- 
ries, the most important of 
which are the White, Tippecanoe, Eel, 
Salamonie and Mississinewa rivers, and 
Wild Cat Creek. The northeastern cor- 
ner of the State is drained by the St. 
Joseph's and St. Mary's rivers; these 
unite at Ft. Wayne to form the Maumee, 
which flows into Lake Erie. The ex- 
treme northern part of the State is 
drained by another St. Joseph's, the Cal- 
umet, and smaller streams, into Lake 
Michigan. A part of the northwestern 
section is drained by the Kankakee and 
its tributaries to the Illinois River. The 
Wabash is navigated to a limited extent, 
by small boats, as high as Terre Haute, 
and also the lower part of White River. 
The remaining streams are not navigable. 
The climate of Indiana is mild, rang- 
ing from an average of 31 Fahrenheit 
in the winter months to an average of 
76 in summer. The mean temperature 
is 53 °. The average annual rainfall is 43 



INDIANA. 

inches, that in the southern part of the 
State being slightly in excess of that 
in the northern part. Seri- 
Ciimate. ous droughts and destruc- 
tive storms are rare. In 
earlier years parts of the State were 
malarial, but with the clearing of the 
forests and the drainage of lands this 
condition has almost wholly disappeared. 
The earliest geological formation that 
outcrops in Indiana is the Hudson and 
Trenton limestone, of the 
Geology. Silurian Age, which appears 
in the southeastern corner of 
the State, throughout the Whitewater 
valley and the adjacent region. West 
of this is a belt of Niagara limestone, 
which broadens at the north and ex- 
tends entirely across the State, cover- 
ing all of a dozen counties and large 
parts of as many more. On the west of 
this, and also extending to the State line 
on the north, are belts of Hamilton lime- 
stone and sandstone of the Devonian Age. 
The remainder of the State — the south- 
western corner and a broad belt to the 
north reaching beyond the Wabash — is of 



INDIANA. 

the subcarboniferous and carboniferous 
formations. The northern and central 
parts of the State are covered by glacial 
drift, which in some regions is of a depth 
of 400 feet. 

The soil of the State varies in charac- 
ter, but for the most part is fertile. 
Originally the southern part 

. . 01 . s ' of the State, and as far north 
Agriculture ' 

and Forests. as the W abash, was covered 
with a very heavy growth of 
forest, mostly of hard-wood trees. North 
of this were low prairies interspersed with 
sand ridges and dotted with hundreds of 
small lakes. This region is now found 
very productive of cucumbers, melons 
and small fruits in the sandy parts. The 
richest lands are the alluvial valleys of 
the streams and the drained prairies. 
The forests have so far disappeared that 
the State is now encouraging tree plant- 
ing. Agriculture is the chief industry of 
the State, the value of farm products in 
1899 being reported at $204,450, 196. The 
chief agricultural products were corn, 
178,967,070 bushels, wheat 34,986,280 
bushels, oats 34,565,070 bushels, potatoes 



INDIANA. 



6,209,080 bushels, hay 3,470,378 tons. The 
value of animal products was $81,947,922, 
of forest products $5,235,459, of orchard 
products $3,166,338, of dairy products 
$15,739,594. The value of the poultry 
raised in 1899 was $8, 172,993, and of the 
eggs produced $7,441,944. 

About one fifth of the surface of In- 
diana is underlaid by coal, workable 
veins having been found in 
Minerals and ig counties . There are at 

InSrL least 7 distinct veins of work- 
able thickness, varying from 
3 to 1 1 feet. The coals of the State are of 
two classes — caking or bituminous, and 
non caking or block coal. The latter can 
be burned in blast furnaces without cok- 
ing. The production in 1901 was 7,019,203 
tons, valued at $7,370, 163, the State rank- 
ing sixth in the Union as to quantity and 
seventh as to value of the product. The 
number of people employed in coal min- 
ing was 12,968. The mineral product 
second in value was petroleum, the pro- 
duction of which is a comparatively new 
industry. In 1901 the oil product of the 
State was 5,749,975 barrels, valued at 



INDIANA. 



$4,795,312. This was largely increased — 
over one third — in 1902. Next in value 
of the mineral products of the State is 
building-stone, of which the chief varie- 
ties are the oolitic limestone, the blue 
Devonian limestone, the gray Niagara 
limestone, and sandstone. The oolitic, 
so called because composed of minute 
fossil shells resembling a mass of fish 
eggs, has become celebrated throughout 
the United States on account of its supe- 
rior qualities. In 1901 Indiana was first 
in rank in the Union in the production of 
limestone for building purposes, and fifth 
in rank as to building stone of all kinds, 
the product being valued at $3,028,145. 
There is also a large production of cement 
and lime. Good clay is abundant through- 
out the State, and brick and tile making 
are extensive industries. Kaolin and 
glass sand are also found in quantity in 
several counties, and are profitably 
mined. Natural gas has been found, by 
sinking wells, throughout a large part 
of the State. The supply at one time 
reached a daily flow of 900,000,000 cubic 
feet. It served to draw many manufac- 



INDIANA. 

tories to the State, but the pressure is 
now decreasing. In many places its ces- 
sation has been followed by a flow of 
petroleum. Many other minerals have 
been found in Indiana, but not in quanti- 
ties of commercial importance. 

The manufactures of Indiana are chiefly 
a development of the past 30 years. In 

the earlier period manufac- 
Manufactories. turing was confined almost 

wholly to supplies for domes- 
tic consumption, and was chiefly con- 
ducted at the homes of the people. In 
1900 there were reported 18,015 manufac- 
turing establishments in the State, em- 
ploying 155,956 wage-earners, and pro- 
ducing goods to the value of $378, 120, 140. 
The leading classes of manufactures, with 
the value of products in 1900 and in 1890, 

are as follows: 

1900 1890 

Slaughtering and meat packing $43,862,273 $27,913,840 

Flour and grist mills 30,150,766 31,239,627 

Distilleries 22,738,106 9,677,973 

Lumber and wood manufactories 34,471,902 32,725,647 

Iron and steel (including foundries) 36,566,527 14,285,259 

Glass and glassware. 14,757,883 2,995,409 

Carriages and wagons, and materials 15,891,820 10,531,683 

Railroad cars 19,248,999 14,362,711 

Agricultural implements 6,415,081 5,756,131 

Textiles and clothing 8,618,360 7,736,890 

Clay products 4,222,529 3,142,454 



INDIANA. 



It is probable that this rate of increase 
will not be continued in the next decade, 
partly because of the decrease of natural 
gas, partly because of abandonment of 
plants under trust control, and partly for 
other reasons. The production of lumber 
in the State was almost stationary in the 
past decade, and will probably decrease 
in this on account of decreasing forest 
supplies. 

About one tenth of the people of In- 
diana (in occupations) are engaged in 
commerce and transporta- 
Commerce and tion. The navigation of the 
Navigation. State is limited, being con- 
fined to the Ohio River on 
the south, with the lower Wabash and a 
small part of the White River, and Lake 
Michigan on the northwest. The canals 
of the State are practically abandoned 
except for water-power. The railroads 
furnish the chief means of transporta- 
tion. Commerce is chiefly domestic, but 
both exportation and importation are 
steadily increasing. 

Indiana has no fisheries of commercial 
importance, though it has waters that 



INDIANA. 



might be made valuable. Recently laws 
have been passed for the protection of 
fish, and some interest is 
Fisheries, being shown in their propa- 
gation. 
The railroad mileage of Indiana, in 
1902, was 6,651 miles, exclusive of second 
main and side tracks. In 

Ra %°t a r d eet and l8 5° U WaS 228 mileS; in l88 °' 
Railways. 4,320. Railroad lines extend 
through all but 3 counties in 
the State. The chief railroad centre is 
Indianapolis, from which 14 lines radiate. 
These are connected outside of the city 
by a belt railway. The valuation of rail- 
road property for taxation in 1902 was 
$162,797,978. There are street railways 
in all of the cities and larger towns, the 
total aggregating 168 miles. In 1 899 there 
began an extraordinary development of 
electric interurban lines. By the close of 
1902 about 400 miles of these were in 
operation, and 500 miles were under con- 
struction, while new lines aggregating 
over 1,000 miles were projected. These 
lines have made a material change in the 
transportation of both passengers and 



INDIANA, 



freight, and will -apparently furnish 
large competition with the steam rail- 
roads. One of these lines, operating 
between Indianapolis and Columbus, 
Ohio, has added sleeping cars to its 
equipment. 

The assessed valuation of the State in 
1901 was $1,397,981,497, from which de- 
ductions for mortgage ex- 
State Finances, emption were made amount- 
ingto$35,i69,25o. Individuals 
are permitted to deduct bona fide mortgage 
indebtedness from their schedules to the 
amount of $700. The total number of 
polls was 436,522. The State tax levy for 
general State government was 9 cents on 
$100, and 50 cents poll; for the benevo- 
lent institutions 5 cents; for sinking fund 
3 cents; for State tuition — which is dis- 
tributed to the school districts for support 
of the common schools — 11 cents and 50 
cents poll; for State institutions of higher 
education \% cents; making a total State 
levy of 29^3 cents and $1 poll. The reduc- 
tion of the State debt was begun in 1889, 
when it amounted to over $10,000,000. 
On Oct. 31, 1902, it had been reduced to 



INDIANA. 



$2,887,615.12, on which the annual in- 
terest charge was $101,565. 

In 1902 there were 137 national banks 
with $16,618,552 capital, $4,789,956 sur- 
plus, $71,533,942 deposits, and 
Banks. $7,210, 780 outstanding circu- 
lation; 113 State banks with 
$4,884,490 capital, $915,413 surplus, and 
$24,240,334 deposits; 5 savings banks, with 
$7,812, 157 of deposits; t>7 trust companies 
transacting bank business, with $4,392,500 
capital, $465,947 surplus, and $12,378,348 
of deposits, and 203 private banks, which 
are not required to make returns by the 
State. Of these last named, however, 68 
made returns to the comptroller of the 
currency, showing $9,671,733 deposits. 
The only clearing-house organization in 
the State is at Indianapolis, and the vol- 
ume of clearings in 1902 was $270,409,456. 
Indiana has always given much atten- 
tion to education and especially since the 
adoption of the present school 
Education, law in 1852. At that time 
there was created a public 
school fund, the interest on which was to 
be distributed to the various school dis- 



12 



INDIANA. 



tricts The principal factor in this was 
the profits which the State had derived 
from the State Bank of Indiana, amount- 
ina to about $3,500,000, to which was 
added $573,000 of the surplus revenue 
distributed by Congress in .836, and sev- 
eral smaller funds. To this additions 
have been made by fines and other public 
receipts, until in 1902 the Common School 
fund amounted to $7,978,580.68, to which 
is to be added the Congressional Town- 
ship fund, derived from the sale of school 
lands donated by the national govern- 
ment amounting to $2,465,304.64. lhis 
total fund of $10,443,885-32 is held by the 
several counties and the interest on it is 
applied to the support of the public 
schools. Added to this is a State tax of 
11 cents on each $100 and 50 cents on 
each poll, the proceeds of State liquor 
licenses and dog licenses, and local taxes 
assessed by local authorities. From all 
these sources the actual revenues raised 
for the public schools in 1902 amounted 
to $8,585,354-98- The enumeration of 
children of school age-6 to 21 years- 
was 761,801 (of whom 15,002 were col- 



13 



INDIANA. 

ored). A large number of these attended 
private schools, and the attendance in the 
public schools for the year was 423,078. 
The revenue was therefore in excess of 
$20 to each child in attendance. There 
were employed 16,039 teachers, and the 
average number of da}^s of school was, in 
townships 126, in towns 153, in cities 179, 
in the State at large 146. The number 
of public schoolhouses is 5,080 brick, 4,807 
frame, 97 stone, and 3 log. The value of 
schoolhouses and grounds is $22,904,607 
and of school apparatus $1,277,455. In 
these figures are included 704 high 
schools, which are a part of the public 
school system. There are also a large 
number of private schools, notably those 
maintained by the Roman Catholics and 
Lutherans for children of all ages, and a 
number of academies, seminaries, insti- 
tutes, boarding-schools, military institu- 
tions, colleges, normal schools, etc., for 
intermediate education. 

There are three institutions, of higher 
education that receive aid from the State, 
Indiana University at Bloomington, the 
State Normal School at Terre Haute, and 

14 



INDIANA. 



Purdue University at Lafayette. Indiana 
University has an income of about 
$125,000 derived from a State tax levy 
and the interest on an endowment fund 
of $600,000 raised by State taxation. It 
had 1,285 students in 1902 The State 
Normal is also supported by a State levy, 
and the city of Terre Haute pays one half 
the expense of keeping the buildings in 
repair. It has 1,406 students. Purdue 
has an income of $150,000 derived from 
State tax levy and interest on endow- 
ments, and including $57,000 paid to it 
annually b}^ the United States govern- 
ment as an agricultural school. It has 
1, 180 students 

Among the private institutions for 
higher education the more important are 
Wabash College (Presbyterian), Univer- 
sity of Notre Dame and St. Meinrad's 
College (Roman Catholic), DePauw Uni- 
versity (Methodist), Earlham College 
(Society of Friends), Franklin College 
(Baptist), Hanover College (Presbyterian), 
Northern Indiana Normal (non-sectarian), 
Winona Technical Institute (non-secta- 
rian), and the University of Indianapolis. 



NDIANA. 



The last named was formed by the union 
of Butler College (Christian) with the 
Medical College of Indiana, the Indiana 
Dental College, and the Indiana Law 
School, all of which are located at In- 
dianapolis. 

An important branch of educational 
work in Indiana is the development of 
libraries. A feature of the school system 
adopted in 1852 was the establishment of 
a free public library in each township in 
the State. The State expended $273,000 
for books, and the S3^stem was received 
with great public favor, but no provision 
was made for maintaining or increasing 
the libraries, and in the pressure of the 
war times they were allowed very gen- 
erally to fall into ruin. To some extent 
these have been replaced as school ad- 
juncts by the libraries of the Young 
People's Reading Circle, which are found 
at many of the schoolhouses of the State. 
These libraries in 1902 contained 436, 151 
volumes. There has also been a notable 
development of town and city libraries, 
28 towns having accepted donations from 
Andrew Carnegie, aggregating $660,000, 

16 



INDIANA. 



agreeing to maintain libraries in the 
buildings thus provided. There are 25 
others that are maintaining libraries m 
buildings provided by themselves, the 
aeneral supervision of library work is 
locked in the Public Library Commission, 
which has charge of a system of traveling 
libraries furnished by the State. It also 
maintains a school for the training of 
librarians engaged in the work m In- 

The principal religious denominations 
of Indiana in the order of their strength 
are the Methodists, Roman 
Churches. Catholics, Disciples or Chris- 
tians, Baptists, Presbyterians, 
United Brethren, and Lutherans 

The State maintains 9 charitable and 4 
penal institutions, at an annual cost of 
over $1,500,000. Of the fo, 
Charitahie mer> 4 a re hospitals for 
and Penal insanei located respectively 
Institutions. ^ Indianapo l is , LogS&sport, 

Richmond and Evansville. On Oct. 31. 
1902, these had 4,039 inmaJSs. The an- 
nual cost of maintenance fcas$649.»34-54. 
or $173-79 Per capita, "the other chant- 



INDIANA. 

able institutions are the Institution for 
the Blind, Indianapolis, inmates 127, per 
capita cost $276.40; Institution for the 
Deaf, Indianapolis, inmates 318, per cap- 
ita cost $231.66; Soldiers and Sailors' 
Orphans' Home, Knightstown, inmates 
603, per capita cost $174.52; Soldiers' 
Home, Lafayette, inmates 739, per capita 
cost $167.30; School for Feeble-Minded, 
Ft. Wayne, inmates 318, per capita cost 
$127.05. The correctional institutions 
are the State Prison, Michigan City, in- 
mates 796, per capita cost $133.32, earn- 
ings $53,395.86; Indiana Reformatory, 
Jeffersonville, inmates 923, per capita 
cost $130.68, earnings $62,350.67; Reform 
School for Boys, Plainfield, inmates 531, 
per capita cost $122.13, earnings $298.91; 
Industrial School for Girls and Women's 
Prison, Indianapolis, inmates 52 women 
and 175 girls, per capita cost $191.55, 
earnings $1,436,69. At the legislative 
session of 1903 a law was passed for the 
division of the last named institution and 
the establishment of a new Industrial 
School for birls. The State has the 
convict-contract-?abor system, but efforts 



INDIANA. 

have been made to abolish it, and the 
legislature of 1903 provided for a com- 
mission to investigate and report on the 
subject. The convict labor is all done 
within the prisons. The State has the 
indeterminate sentence system with com- 
mutation of time for good behavior. In 
addition to the State institutions each 
county maintains a poor asylum. In 
these, and the Marion County asylum for 
the incurable insane, there were on Aug. 
31, 1902, 3,046 inmates, of whom 1,975 
were men and 1,071 women. Of these 
inmates 518 were classed as insane, and 
889 as feeble-minded. There are in the 
State 46 orphans' homes, in which there 
were on Oct. 31, 1902, 1,565 inmates, of 
whom 1,025 were boys and 540 girls. At 
the same date the Board of State Chari- 
ties reported 811 orphan children main- 
tained in private homes, without public 
expense. 

The elective State offices are held for 
periods of 2 years, with eligibility re- 
stricted to 4 years in any period of 6 
years, except as to the governor, lieu- 
tenant-governor, and geologist, whose 

19 



INDIANA. 

terms are 4 years. No one is eligible 
to the office of governor or lieutenant- 
governor for more than 4 
State years in any period of 8 years. 
Government. The governor's salary is 
$5,000, with an allowance 
of $1,800 for house rent. The governor's 
veto power extends to all laws passed by 
the legislature, but the veto may be over- 
thrown by a majority vote in both Houses. 
The legislature meets once in 2 } r ears, and 
may be called in special session by the 
governor; regular sessions are limited to 
60 days and special sessions to 40 days. 
The Senate is composed of 50 members 
elected for 4 years each, and the House 
of 100 members elected for 2 years each. 
The members receive $6 a day while in 
session, and $5 for each 25 miles traveled 
in reaching the capital and returning 
home. The State is required to be re- 
districted for legislative purposes every 6 
years. The present Constitution was 
adopted in 185 1, and is very generally 
considered unsatisfactory, especially as to 
legislative representation, and the loca- 
tion of the appointing power. It can be 

20 



INDIANA. 



amended only by the majority vote of 
both Houses of two consecutive legis- 
latures, followed by a majority vote of 
the electors of the State. 

Congressional Representation. 
The State has 13 representatives in 

Congress. 

The population of Indiana territory m 
1800 was 5,641, but only about 2,500 of 
this was within the bound- 
Population and aries of the State In 18 10 

Divisions. the population of the terri- 
tory, with practically the 
same boundaries as the State, was 24,520. 
A territorial census taken in 181 5 showed 
63,897 inhabitants. After the admission 
of the State the census returns were as 
follows: 1820, i47>!7 8 ; l8 30, 343>°3*; l8 40> 
685,866; 1850, 988.416; i860, 1,350,428; 
1870, 1,680,637; 1880, 1,978,30!; l8 90, 
2,192,404; 1900, 2,516,462. Of thepopu- 
lation in 1900, 142,121 were foreign born, 
and 57,505 were negroes. The tendency 
of the negroes is to gather in the cities, 
more than one fourth of the entire num- 
ber being found in Indianapolis, and an 
eighth at Evansville. 



INDIANA. 



The State has 92 counties, whose names 
and county-seats are as follows: 



Adams, Decatur. 
Allen, Ft. Wayne. 
Bartholomew, Columbus. 

Benton, Fowler. 

Blackford. Hartford City. 

Boone, Lebanon. 

Brown, Nashville. 

Carroll, Delphi. 

Cass, Logansport. 

Clark, Jeffersonville. 

Clay, Brazil. 

Clinton, Frankfort. 

Crawford, English. 

Daviess, Washington. 

Dearborn, Lawrenceburg. 

Decatur, Greensburg. 

Dekalb, Auburn. 

Delaware, Muncie. 

Dubois, Jasper. 

Elkhart, Goshen. 

Fayette, Connersville. 

Floyd, New Albany. 

Fountain, Covington. 

Franklin, Brookville. 

Fulton, Rochester. 

Gibson, Princeton. 
Grant, Marion. 
Greene, Bloomfield. 
Hamilton, Nobles ville. 
Hancock, Greenfield. 
Harrison, Corydon. 
Hendricks, Danville. 
Henry, Newcastle. 
Howard, Kokomo. 
Huntington, Huntington. 
Jackson, Brownstown. 
Jasper, Rensselaer. 
Jay, Portland. 
Jefferson, Madison. 
Jennings, Vernon. 
Johnson, Franklin. 
Knox, Vincennes. 
Kosciusko, Warsaw. 
Lagrange, Lagrange. 
Lake, Crown Point. 
Laporte, Laporte. 
Lawrence, Bedford. 



Madison, Anderson. 

Marion, Indianapolis. 

Marshall, Plymouth. 

Martin, Shoals. 

Miami, Peru. 

Monroe, Bloomington. 

Montgomery, Crawfordsville. 

Morgan, Martinsville. 

Newton, Kentland. 

Noble, Albion. 

Ohio. Rising Sun. 

Orange, Paoli. 

Owen, Spencer. 

Parke, Rockville. 

Perry, Cannelton. 

Pike, Petersburg. 

Porter, Valparaiso. 

Posey, Mt. Vernon. 

Pulaski. Winamac. 

Putnam, Greencastle. 

Randolph, Winchester. 

Ripley, Versailles. 

Rush, Rushville. 

Scott, Scottsburg. 

Shelby, Shelbyville. 

Spencer, Rockport. 

Starke, Knox. 
Steuben, Angola. 
St. Joseph, South Bend. 
Sullivan, Sullivan. 
Switzerland, Vevay. 
Tippecanoe, Lafayette. 
Tipton, Tipton. 
Union, Liberty. 
Vanderburg, Evansville. 
Vermilion, Newport. 
Vigo, Terre Haute. 
Wabash, Wabash. 
Warren, Williamsport. 
Warrick, Boonville. 
Washington, Salem. 
Wavne, Richmond. 
Wells, Bluff ton. 
White, Monticello. 
Whitley, Columbia City. 



The largest city in Indiana is the capi- 
tal, Indianapolis, with a population (1900) 
of 169,164. Next in size are Evansville 
(59,007), Ft. Wayne (45, 115), Terre Haute 



INDIANA. 

(36,673), and South Bend (35,999). Each 
of these cities has a charter specially made 
for it, though under guise of a 
Chief Cities, general law. These charters 
are of recent creation — the 
oldest made in 1891 — and establish ad- 
vanced forms of city government. Of 
cities of secondary importance may be 
named Muncie (20,942), New Albany 
(20,628), Anderson (20,178), Richmond 
(18,226), Lafayette (18,116), Marion (17,- 
$2)7), Logansport (16,204), and Elkhart 
(15,184). There were in all 80 cities and 
330 incorporated towns in the State in 
1901. 

The first-known visits of white men to 

Indiana were those of Sieur de la Salle, 

who followed the Ohio River 

History. along its southern boundary 

in 1669-70, and crossed its 

northwestern corner by wa}^ of the St. 

Josephs-Kankakee portage in 167 1. There 

were no Indians living below the Wabash 

at that time, and probably not many in 

the northern part of the State, but those 

there were La Salle induced to join his 

confederacy against the Iroquois, and they 

23 



INDIANA. 

all removed to the Illinois River, leaving 
Indiana practically uninhabited. After 
some years they began moving to the 
East, reaching Detroit by 1 7 1 2, and shortly 
afterward located at points along the 
Maumee and Wabash rivers. The Dela- 
wares, who afterward lived in the central 
part of the State, on White River, came 
there about 1750. It is probable that the 
French first placed representatives at the 
Indian villages near the site of Ft. Wayne, 
and next about 1720, at Ouiatenon — on 
the north side of the Wabash just below 
Lafayette — and that there were stockade 
forts at these places, but there is nothing 
to indicate a permanent settlement at 
either place. The post at Vincennes was 
established in 1 731, largely under the in- 
fluence of Father DeBeaubois, a Jesuit 
who had been stationed at Kaskaskia. 
Families located there soon afterward, 
and it remained a permanent settlement, 
though there is but one land grant re- 
corded of date prior to 1736. The French 
posts were small and unimportant, and 
the history of the region under French 
and British rule presents no very striking 

24 



INDIANA. 



features. In 1778 Vincennes was sur- 
rendered to representatives of Gen. George 
Rogers Clark, and the Wabash County 
was brought under American control. A 
recapture by the British was followed by 
a second taking by Clark in 1779. The 
region was ceded to the United States by 
the treaty of 1783, and was included in 
the territory northwest of the Ohio River, 
by the ordinance of 1787. It was thus 
governed until 1800, when the Indiana 
Territory was formed, including all of the 
Northwest Territory except Ohio. From 
Indiana Territory, Michigan Territory 
was cut off in 1805, and Illinois Territory 
in 1809, leaving it with practically the 
present State boundaries. By act of Con- 
gress of April 19, 1 8 16, Indiana was author- 
ized to form a State government, and the 
State was formally admitted by act of 
Dec. 11, 18 16. In the meantime a State 
Constitution had been adopted on June 29 ; 
State officials had been elected, and the 
State government had been actually in- 
augurated on November 7. 

There were almost continuous Indian 
troubles in the Ohio valley from 1788 to 



25 



INDIANA. 

1 795, when, after Gen. Wayne's successful 
expedition, peace was made at Fort Green- 
ville. After that date the American im- 
migration began, and there was no mate- 
rial trouble with Indians until the forma- 
tion of Tecumseh's confederacy in 1811. 
The Indians were overwhelmed at the 
battle of Tippecanoe on November 7 
of that year, by the troops under Gen. 
Harrison, and sued for peace, but when 
the war with England came on there were 
Indian hostilities of minor importance 
continuing until the close of the war in 
1 8 1 5. After that year there was a gradual 
extinction of Indian titles, the Indians 
being concentrated in the northern part 
of the State and finally removed west of 
the Mississippi. The last removals oc- 
curred in 1836 and 1838. 

The sobriquet "Hoosier," commonly 
used to designate the State and its people, 
was first applied to them about 1830. It 
was not coined for that purpose, as is 
commonly supposed, but was a slang word 
signifying an uncouth rustic, which was in 
common use in the South at that time, and 
is still commonly used there in that sense. 

26 



INDIANA. 

The history of the State after its ad- 
mission was chiefly that of peaceful de- 
velopment — clearing lands, opening roads, 
building towns and cities, and establish- 
ing industries. The most notable feature 
was the disastrous internal improvement 
enterprise on which the State entered in 
1836. It contemplated transportation 
routes on 7 main lines, involving the con- 
struction of 1,289 miles of railroads and 
canals. That the routes were fairly well 
chosen is shown by the fact that they are 
now practically all occupied by successful 
railroad lines. The chief defect was that 
the improvements were mostly high-line 
canals, and the breaks in these before 
completion caused such great damage that 
the estimated cost was enormously in- 
creased. The financial panic of 1837 
added to the difficulties, and the effects of 
this were aggravated by the general en- 
tering of the States on such enterprises 
on borrowed capital. The total debts of 
the several States swelled from about 
$13,000,000 in 1830 to $207,894,613 in 1842. 
In 1839 Indiana was unable to realize on 
the sales of her bonds, and was forced to 

27 



INDIANA. 

default interest on those already issued. 
The canals and roads being unfinished, 
did not furnish the revenues anticipated. 
Compromises were effected by which the 
work done was turned over to creditors, 
but the State was left with a debt of about 
$10,000,000 without any propertv to repre- 
sent it, In all, Indiana built 453 miles of 
canals, at a cost of $7,725,262, all of which 
are now abandoned so far as transporta- 
tion is concerned. But under private 
management, and more favorable condi- 
tions, the transportation lines developed 
rapidly, and in 1849 the one railroad orig- 
inally contemplated was paying 8*^ per 
cent, dividends on its stock. In i860 
there were 2, 126 miles of railroads in suc- 
cessful operation in the State. 

In the war with Mexico, Indiana fur- 
nished troops to the number of 4,470. Of 
these there were killed and wounded 183, 
and died of other causes 218. When the 
Civil War began the State occupied an 
important position, and its resources were 
utilized to the uttermost by its war gov- 
ernor, Oliver P. Morton. The State fur- 
nished 196,363 men for the War, and 784 

28 



INDIANA. 

paid for exemption; or in other words 
supplied 74. 3 per cent, of her total popu- 
lation capable of bearing arms, by the 
census of i860. Only one State in the 
Union surpassed or equaled this record, 
Delaware being credited with 74.8 per 
cent, of her military population. But of 
the supply credited to Delaware nearly 
one tenth was in money commutation for 
exemption, and nearly one tenth of the 
men in actual service were colored. On 
the basis of white troops furnished for 3 
years or more of service, Indiana supplied 
57 per cent, of her military population of 
i860, and on this basis was surpassed only 
by Kansas, which is credited with 59.4 
per cent. Of the troops sent by Indiana 
7,243 were killed or mortally wounded in 
battle, and 19,429 died of other causes, 
making a total death loss of over 1 3 per 
cent, of all troops furnished. One feature 
of the War period in Indiana, and some 
adjoining States, was the formation of 
secret treasonable societies known as 
Knights of the Golden Circle, and later 
Sons of Liberty. These attracted much 
attention at the time, and much comment 

29 



INDIANA, 



later, but in reality they were neither ex- 
tensive nor dangerous. They were organ- 
ized with a system of ' ' circles within 
circles," with mysterious rites and blood- 
curdling oaths, but the masses of the 
members understood that they were 
merely for mutual protection, and the 
treasonable designs were affairs of the 
inner circles. Among their members 
there were a number of government de- 
tectives who kept the authorities informed 
as to every movement, and at the final 
exposure the chief witness for the govern- 
ment was Felix Stidgers, a detective who 
had become so prominent in the order 
that he was made ' ' Grand Secretary for 
Kentucky," and knew all of the secrets of 
the order. As is aptly stated by Gov. 
Morton's biographer, "No one can read 
the history of the secret organizations in 
Indiana and not feel that, widespread as 
they were, there was not an instant in 
which they were not securely within the 
grasp of the war governor." After the 
War Indiana became peculiarly a political 
battleground. In 1868 the Republicans 
elected Conrad Baker governor by less 

30 



INDIANA. 



than 1,000 plurality, and in 1872 the Dem- 
ocrats elected Thomas A. Hendricks to 
that office by the narrow plurality of 
1,148, although Gen. Grant received the 
vote of the State for President. After 
1872 neither party carried the State at 
two consecutive Presidential elections 
until after 1896, and neither carried it by 
a majority of all the votes cast, or by a 
plurality of as much as 20,000. One 
result of this close balance has been an 
improvement in State legislation, the 
Democrats leading in the legislature of 
1889, which they held although they had 
lost the State offices and the Presidential 
vote of the State in the preceding year. 
Indiana in that year adopted the Austra- 
lian ballot system, being the second State 
in the Union to do so, with some im- 
provements that have been extensively 
copied. Other notable reform laws are a 
school-book law that has made a large 
reduction in the cost of books used in the 
common schools; a Board of State Chan- 
ties law that has greatly improved the 
charitable and penal institutions of the 
State; a fee and salary law putting 



31 



INDIANA. 



officials on salaries and requiring the 
payment of all fees into the public treas- 
uries; a compulsory education law; laws 
for the encouragement of public libraries; 
laws for the incorporation of cities which 
provide the most modern modes of city 
government ; laws for the reform of 
county and township government provid- 
ing supervisory boards to which local leg- 
islation is entrusted; and a tax law that 
has been largely effective in equalizing 
taxation and has been copied elsewhere. 
Another feature of Indiana's development 
that has attracted notice in later years is 
its production of native writers of poetry 
and fiction. Among the former may be 
named Joaquin Miller, John Hay, John 
James Piatt and James Whitcomb Riley; 
among the latter Gen. Lew Wallace, 
Maurice Thompson, Edward Eggleston, 
Charles Major, Meredith Nicholson, Booth 
Tarkington and Annie Fellows Johnston. 
These with lesser lights and some writers 
of note in other lines form a notable 
group for a commonwealth whose settle- 
ment and development have occurred in 
little more than a century. 

Jacob Piatt Dunn, 
Secretary Indiana Historical Society. 



Whs are very much mistaken if, as the successive volumes 
of this new encyclopedia appear, the subscribers do not. fall 
more and more in love with the work. The third and fourth 
volumes have all the characteristics of thoroughness, liter- 
ary excellence in the articles, beauty of print, artistic merit 
and appropriateness in the illustrations, and special adapt- 
edness to the purposes of American students and writers so 
favorably noted in the first and second. Original research 
is evident on almost every paee. The editors have found 
small use for the mere copyist among their contributors. 
The work breathes of the spirit of to-day, even in its 
descriptions of things ancient. When it explores the dark 
corners of the past it is by the aid of the arc light and 
radium In no encyclopedia yet produced on this side of 
the Atlantic, if anywhere, has there been evident so much 
independence of mere bookmakers' traditions, such a deter- 
mination to present the actualities in the world's accumula- 
tion of knowledge and the conditions of to-day. The various 
articles on mechanical industries and natural science are 
accompanied by excellent photographic and other views. 
Biographical notices of artists are accompanied by fine 
reproductions of some of their masterpieces. The double- 
page maps of countries and cities are numerous and mod- 
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